Diversity and Equality Management by Human Resource Managers

Question: Depict about the Diversity and Equality Management by Human Resource Managers? Answer: Presentation Human asset the board is a significant useful region of an association that is worried about the administration of the most significant resources for example HR or workers. It is the job and obligation of human asset directors that they ought to consider playing out the administration of associations workers in a way that prompts their positive degree of commitment towards accomplishing hierarchical objectives (Pfister, 2009). They are required to complete different scope of capacities, however with the expanding globalization of organizations in the universal markets, a significant region that is distinguished pivotal is the administration of assorted variety and correspondence at work environment. Since organizations globalizes across worldwide markets, they are confronted with the issues of overseeing workers from assorted foundation from various culture (Kwak, 2003). Therefore, it is contended that the administration of equity and decent variety isn't a simple undertaking to HR director and this requires thought of different significant factors in guaranteeing the productive administration of workers in association. Examination of the Concept of Equality and Diversity and their Importance As human asset administrators are required to play out the enlistment and determination of representatives, a significant territory that has been increasing huge degree of acknowledgment is fundamentally the administration of various workforce of the association. Decent variety has been a key idea which demonstrates that the individuals from various culture, foundation, positions, shading and statement of faith are permitted to cooperate in order to accomplish hierarchical objectives. Assorted variety is tied in with dealing with the individuals from various social foundations, and it is viewed as a significant idea that is required to be polished by HR administrators (Lewis, 2001). The expanding pace with which organizations are venturing into worldwide markets has frequently required their HR chiefs to consider for regions planned for overseeing assorted workforce. This is basically on the grounds that they are presented to various nature and foundation of representatives in their workgroups (Fujimoto, Hartel Azmat, 2013). Aside from this, the idea of workforce uniformity is additionally a significant HR idea that is planned for accomplishing fairness inside the representatives of the association. Workforce uniformity suggests that there ought to be sufficient degree of help and equity gave to every single representatives of the association. There ought not be any sorts of segregation on any premise or grounds inside workers, neither on their sexual orientation nor on their installment or some other factor. Indeed, even there is Equal Opportunity Act in different nations planned for giving equivalent treatment to workers and the HR supervisor is along these lines required to ensure that these material enactments are being followed. The equivalent treatment alongside the decent variety the executives is significant for HR supervisors to accomplish in light of the fact that these perspectives permit them in accomplishing more elevated level of adequacy regarding authoritative exercises (Kundu, 2003). Troubles in Managing Diversity and Equality As the administration of equity and assorted variety is distinguished as exceptionally significant for HR directors to consider, yet there are different such obstructions in the process that influence the capacity of the HR chief to perform such movement in a positive way. Concerning occurrence, decent variety the executives incorporates the individuals from various social foundation which results into dangers to the associations own social condition. This is for the most part on the grounds that assorted workers attempt to actualize their own way of life and qualities while performing undertakings. The HR chiefs are along these lines required to make a stage that bolsters the administration of hierarchical culture inside the differing worker gatherings of the association (Day, 2007). Notwithstanding the abovementioned, assorted variety the board is additionally exceptionally troublesome in view of higher odds of opposition by representatives to work in gathering. Gathering execution is critical to organizations in making progress in the 21st century, and with such various individuals in the workgroup, it has been very hard for the HR chiefs to guarantee positive administration of such different representatives. This is viewed as a significant test or obstructions that make challenges in playing out the administration of decent variety in a positive manner. Decent variety the board additionally remembers difficulties for the type of overseeing appropriate correspondence levels by the HR administrators as a result of such assorted needs and foundations of workers. It is likewise apparent that there are higher odds of resistance to change inside the assorted individuals, and the execution of decent variety plans is additionally exceptionally troublesome on account o f such different nature of worker foundation (Iverson, 2000). Aside from the above troubles in overseeing assorted variety, there are additionally issues and difficulties to HR administrator in guaranteeing correspondence inside its workers. The segregation with respect to HR directors based on station, shading and belief and furthermore based on male and female workers is as yet determined across associations in various piece of the globe. It has been critical that productive choices ought to be considered planned for advancing fairness so more elevated level of endeavors can be accomplished and better by and large commitment from every single representative would contribute towards positive achievement of authoritative objectives (Daft, 2009). Components Essential to Consider in Managing Diversity and Equality Uniformity inside representatives can be accomplished by method of making its fundamental that every single worker ought to be treated in a reasonable manner and there ought to be hierarchical strategies planned for supporting reasonable treatment to workers. There ought to be solid guidelines inside the association for the HR supervisors that expects them to totally maintain a strategic distance from any sorts of segregation on any grounds. The determination of representatives by the HR director ought to be performed based on their quality and execution, and people workers ought to be treated with fairness. In these manners, the achievement of fairness can be guaranteed and their better by and large administration in accomplishing hierarchical objectives can get potential (Hicks-Clarke Iles, 2000) Aside from these elements, the fruitful assorted variety the board likewise requires the thought of different significant elements. Concerning example, the HR director is required to elevate assorted part gatherings to take an interest in group working and they ought to be appointed with ventures that require group working. Furthermore, by underlining on culturally diverse preparing, it could be conceivable to accomplish better degree of acknowledgment inside workers in giving best endeavors towards achieving the authoritative objectives. Decent variety the board can be performed by HR directors through conceiving strategies and methods that would require representatives to follow the common authoritative culture. The way of life and estimations of every single worker should be upheld so as to achieve better levels on their part, as they would feel exceptionally esteemed and fulfilled from the fulfillment of their presentation across association (Barbosa Cabral-Cardoso, 2007). These are a portion of the significant activities that are fundamental to consider by the HR administrator in playing out the administration of fairness and decent variety inside its workforce. They are basic since they would emphatically help the administration in making progress in regard to the administration of both these regions. End In this exposition, it has been contended that the administration of assorted variety and correspondence is profoundly hard to HR supervisors specifically and it is consequently fundamental that there ought to be a scope of systems that ought to be considered by the HR director in making progress in this regard. Concerning occasion, the investigation has come about into the recognizable proof that there are enormous number of difficulties experienced by HR administrators in performing such errands of accomplishing correspondence and decent variety inside their exhibition. The examination has shown that the elements, for example, supporting uniformity, advancing cooperation, strategies and methods expecting the executives to play out the administration of differing workers effectively are basic to consider by the HR supervisor in making progress in their job. References Barbosa, I Cabral-Cardoso, C 2007 Managing decent variety in scholarly associations: a test to hierarchical culture, Women in Management Review, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 274-288. Dumb, R. 2009 The Leadership Experience. fourth ed., Cengage Learning. Day, R 2007 Developing the multi-social association: overseeing assorted variety or getting contrasts?, Industrial and Commercial Training, vo. 39, no. 4, pp. 214-217. Fujimoto, Y, Hartel, EJ Azmat, F 2013 Towards a decent variety equity the board model: coordinating association equity and assorted variety the executives, Social Responsibility Journal, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 148-166. Hicks-Clarke, D Iles, P 2000 Climate for assorted variety and its consequences for profession and authoritative mentalities and recognitions, Personnel Review, vo. 29, no. 3, pp. 3324-345. Iverson, K 2000 Managing for Effective Workforce Diversity, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, April, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 31-38. Kundu, SC 2003 Workforce assorted variety status: an investigation of representatives responses, Industrial Management Data Systems, vol. 103, no. 4, pp. 215-226. Kwak, M 2003 The Paradoxical Effects of Diversity, MIT Sloan Management Review, Spring, pp. 7-8. Lewis, S 2001 Restructuring work environment societies: a definitive work-family challenge?, Women in Management Review, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 21-29. Pfister, J.A. 2009 Managing Organizational Culture for Effective Internal Control: From Practice to Theory. Springer.

Final Exam – Financial Institution

Budgetary Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes 1. Last Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III What is the contrast between the spot showcase and the prospects advertise In the spot advertise, exchanges are executed quickly, I. e. constant. In the fates markets, which is a subordinates advertise, exchanges are settled upon today however settled lat later dates later on. 2. What is the principle contrast between the currency markets and capital markets? Currency markets are for momentary security trades, I. e. under 270 days. The capital markets are for long haul security trades, I. e. more prominent than one year. 3.What are four prerequisites to move capital inside a productive market? a. b. c. d. e. f. Stable Government Low Inflation Savings (individual, corporate, financial) Competition Disclosure (straightforwardness) Fair market rules (lawful framework) 4. Draw the contrast among immediate and roundabout capital development process. Business Securities Dollars Savers Business 5 . Monetary Intermed. Savers Describe the motivation behind a speculation banking house. a. Structure Sellable Securities b. Purchase protections from partnerships c. Exchange to ‘savers’ (merchant exchanges) 6. Name two wellsprings of assets for Financial Intermediaries. . Stores (loan specialists, credit associations, annuity reserves) b. Premiums (disaster protection) c. Offer issuance (common assets) Name four primary jobs for vault establishments. a. Offer store accounts 7. All issues similarly weighted Page 1 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes b. c. d. e. 8. Last Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III Repackage (distribution center) store accounts Underwrite hazard on advances â€Å"Expertise† in measuring financial soundness Provide enhancement for put advances What are the remarkable attributes for a credit association isolating it from other safe foundations? . b. c. d. Not revenue driven All business limited to individuals All individu als share a typical bond (topography, manager) Small (generally) storehouse foundation 9. Name two of the protections found in the Money Markets. a. Treasuries b. Business Paper 10. Name two of the protections found in the Capital Markets. a. b. c. d. Fixed salary protections Mortgages Securitized items Equity 11. Characterize â€Å"Derivative†. A benefit for which the worth is gotten from a fundamental resource. 12. A spouse buys protection on her better half (the marriage is adoring). What kind of â€Å"trader† is the wife?A â€Å"hedger† as the spouse isn't buying the instrument to benefit from the loss of her better half however to give monetary security should the husband terminate. The system is misfortune minimization and along these lines a support. 13. Name two enormous dangers when contributing abroad. a. Nation Risk b. Outside Exchange Risk c. Loan fee Risk Note: B&C could be viewed as equal because of financing cost equality. All issues similarly weighted Page 2 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes 14. Last Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III What is viewed as the main Federal District Bank?New York Federal Reserve 15. Name three activities performed by Federal District Banks. a. b. c. d. e. Clear Checks Replace old cash Provide advances through markdown window) Collect monetary information Research 16. What number of region banks are there in the Federal Reserve framework? 12 17. Name five wellsprings of information utilized by the FOMC. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. I. j. k. l. m. Wages Consumer costs Unemployment GDP Business inventories Foreign Exchange Rates Interest Rates Financial Market Conditions Production Levels Business Investment Residential Construction International Trade International Economic Growth 18.Why does the Federal Reserve perform Open Market Operations? a. Increment/decline level of assets in advertise b. Counterbalance effect of different conditions that influence level of assets, e. g. occasion traffic 19. For what reason is the save necessity proportion significant? Speaks to the extent of stores that must be held as stores for a money related organization. It is one of the determinants of the cash flexibly. 20. What are the two rates that the Federal Reserve sets? a. Government Funds Rate b. Markdown Rate All issues similarly weighted Page 3 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes 21. Last Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger IIIWhat are the four parts of GDP? Gross domestic product = Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Net Exports 22. What are the objectives of the Federal Reserve? a. Control swelling (value soundness) at 2. 00% b. Advance Growth 23. What are the objectives of the ECB? a. Control expansion (value steadiness) at 2. 00% 24. What are the general sizes of every benefit class in the U. S.? Fixed Income ($32,000bn) Real Estate ($20,000bn) Equities ($18,000bn) Note: In 2006, Real Estate was the biggest resource class yet h as experienced over $10,000bn in misfortunes over the current budgetary emergency and still losing†¦ 25. What is LIBOR?London Interbank Offering Rate: Rate that 16 enormous worldwide business banks loan 10 distinct monetary standards at 15 unique developments to one another in the overnight market. 26. The world is sheltered and development pervades most economies. Clarify what this implies for the getting rate for the US government utilizing a Supply/Demand bend and income outline for Treasuries. Cost S P0 P1 D Quantity P As cost diminishing, yield builds, I. e. it costs more for the U. S. government to get. All issues similarly weighted Page 4 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes 27. Last Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger IIIDraw the income outline for a zero coupon bond. 28. What are three strategies that a monetary organization uses to oversee loan fee hazard? a. b. c. d. e. Development coordinating Using drifting rate advances Using loan cost fates contra cts Using financing cost trades Using loan fee tops 29. For what reason do money related foundations sell their own guaranteed advances? a. b. c. d. Look after administrations (expense based pay) Sell resource (acquire positive spread) Sell resource (negative spread yet fundamentally diminished hazard presentation) Turnover of capital 30. What are the three primary financial controllers in the U. S.? a. Representative of Currency b.Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) c. Central bank 31. What is the present protection limit by account offered to private financial specialists by the FDIC? $250,000 32. What was significant about Glass-Steagall? a. Isolated banking and protections exercises b. Forestalled any firm that acknowledged stores from endorsing stocks and obligations of organization c. Proposed to forestall irreconcilable situations 33. What significant about Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act a. Revoked Glass-Steagall b. Permitted association between banks, protections firms, and insurance agencies 34. What was generally significant about Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX)? All issues similarly weightedPage 5 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes a. b. c. d. 35. Last Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III Increased straightforwardness of detailing Internal revealing procedures required Central database of data required Executives specifically confirming (marking) fiscal summaries What was Basel? Basel I Accord 1988: 12 significant nations concurred on uniform capital norms Tier 1 and Tier 2 Capital ampleness Basel II: Revision of the estimation of credit hazard; expressly represent operational hazard; requires more divulgence about presentation chance Basel III: Global administrative gauges for capital sufficiency and risk.Fully staged in by 2019. 36. What are CAMELs Ratings? Rating framework for banks: Capital Adequacy Asset Quality Management Earnings Liquidity Sensitivity 37. What is Value-at-Risk? Hazard measure that evaluates size of hazard to a give n certainty level over a limited timeframe. 38. What is significant about Dodd-Frank? Not at all like SOX, it incorporates enormous private substances under the shroud of guideline, e. g. flexible investments, that present fundamental hazard. Additionally planned to include straightforwardness and power OTC items to exchange across trades for more noteworthy straightforwardness. Conceivably disengaged inspirations of representatives and organizations for revealing misrepresentation, I. . representatives (conceivably previous) share in a segment of a SEC fine recuperated. (note: Dodd-Frank is 2319 pages such a significant number of answers will be given full credit. The above are significant features, yet once more, there is a broadness of right responses for this inquiry) 39. Who is the present Federal Reserve Chairperson? Ben Bernanke 40. Who is the present Treasurer AND Johns Hopkins University Graduate? All issues similarly weighted Page 6 of 7 Financial Insitutions Closed book, Closed Notes Tim Geithner Final Examination Fall 2011 Roger Staiger III All issues similarly weighted Page 7 of 7

Top 10 Tips for 2012 Application #3 The Personal Statement COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Top 10 Tips for 2012 Application â€" #3 The Personal Statement COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This is the third entry in our “Top 10? list to assist you with understanding the process of submitting your 2012 admission application to SIPA.   This entry is focused on advice regarding the personal statement. The personal statement is probably the most important part of an application because it helps us to learn about your passion, goals, and the impact you wish to make.   As much as we would like to, we are unable to conduct interviews with applicants as part of the admission process and you can think of your personal statement as a type of interview. If you could only spend 10-15 minutes in front of the Admissions Committee, what would you say to ensure us that you would be a contributing student in our program?   Your personal statement is your opportunity to “speak” to the Admissions Committee. Question:   Do I have to follow the format of the personal statement? Answer: Yes.   Our personal statement is broken into three parts, each with an associated word limit (one year PESP applicants see special note below).   Applicants should follow the instructions and keep within the stated word limits.   Applicants that obviously try to substitute a statement written according to another school’s requirements are judged harshly in the admissions process.   Following directions is an important part of the process of applying. The majority of this entry addresses the first part of the personal statement.   We generally do not provide instructions regarding the second part because we want each applicant to answer in their own way.   For the second part, we are interested in how applicants choose to respond to the question and thus have no specific advice on what constitutes a good part 2 answer. The third part of the personal statement is wide open.   We provide space where you can include information you wish for the Committee to be aware of that might not be highlighted in other parts of your application or that you feel will shed light on some aspect of your past or future goals.   Part three can focus on things you are proud of, or perhaps not so proud of.   The Admissions Committee would prefer to see something in section 3 so please try not to leave it blank. Question:   Do you have any general advice regarding the personal statement? Answer: Yes, and the rest of this entry will focus on advice for you to consider. For one, I would not quote anyone in your personal statement.   For example, it would not be wise to say something along the lines of the following I want to join SIPA because like Gandhi said, “I wish to be the change I wish to see in the world.” While this is a nice quote and Gandhi was an incredible person, the Admissions Committee is not making a decision to admit Gandhi to SIPA we are considering admitting you to our program.   Thus we are not so interested in what Gandhi has to say, rather we are   interested in what you have to say.   Also, when you quote someone else it in essence says, “I could not think of anything on my own to say, so let me let someone else do it for me.” At SIPA we are looking for creative, passionate, smart, driven, and competent people.   The best personal statements are just that â€" personal.   We want to hear from you.   The best applicants each year become quotable.   When an Admissions Committee member is impressed with what an applicant has written, they will often call attention to this when discussing the application.   So your goal should be to become quotable, not to quote someone else. Another note is that your answer to section one should not simply be your résumé in paragraph format.   In order to get your point across in your personal statement it might be necessary to restate information already included in your résumé, however do not restate information without a specific reason or goal. One thing not to do for example is to tell us in your personal statement where you went to school.   Many applicants will mention the name of their school in the personal statement.  What is wrong with this?   Well, you sent us your transcript and you state where you went to school in your résumé, why would we need to be told a third time where you went to school?   Use your personal statement to get across new information that might not be contained in other parts of your application. Your answer to part one of the personal statement should particularly be about what you hope to accomplish in the future.   What are you passionate about?   What are your goals?   What impact do you hope to make on the world?   Most of the contents of your application are about your past, we want a glimpse into your future. One thing we are trying to determine is if SIPA is the right program for you.   We are also trying to determine the type of contribution you will make as a student and alumnus of our program.   We do understand that you might not know exactly what you wish to do, however you should try to be as specific as you can.   For example, if you are interested in development, is there a region or particular group of people you wish to focus on? Strong responses to part one are focused and clear. An example of not being focused is to say that you wish to work for the United Nations. Just saying this alone is too vague. The United Nations is comprised of a multitude of organizations, doing a multitude of different things, in a multitude of different places. Listing a broad policy objective without context is also a common mistake. Whatever you hope to do, you should integrate the who, what, where, how, and why elements into your statement. Address questions such as: Who do you wish to impact? Is there a specific region, city, country, locality you are passionate about? What population do you hope to serve? What concerns you about the future and how do you hope to address policy questions to make a difference? What skills will SIPA help you to develop? Is there a sector that is most appealing to you? (Non-profit, multilateral, for profit, public). Do you hope to go in a new direction and why? Specificity is important. The most outstanding personal statements each year become a part of discussions amongst members of the Admissions Committee.   Each person is different and has a different history and goals.   Make sure to pour yourself into your personal statement and it will likely stand out because no two people are the same. Here again are the three parts of the personal statement we are asking applicants for the fall 2012 semester to respond to.   SPECIAL NOTE: applicants to our one year Program in Environmental Science and Policy should ONLY respond to section one and have 1,000 words to do so.   All other Master degree applicants should address all three sections. Section One (500 Word Maximum) What distinct impact do you hope to have on the world in the future? Please be as clear as possible about your future goals, the policy/public service issue(s) you are passionate about, and your personal motivation(s). Be sure to include details regarding the features of SIPA that you believe are integral to helping you in your pursuits and what skills you need to develop to achieve a lasting impact. Section Two (300 Word Maximum) Please CHOOSE ONE of these options to write about â€" do not address both, pick one or the other.   All relevant information should be included in the statement.   For example, the organization information (option 1) or issue you are responding to (option 2) should be included in the 300 words.   In other words, you may not submit more than 300 words so include everything in your response. 1. A competition is being conducted that will provide one million dollars as seed funding to start a new organization.   The competition requires a 300 word essay/statement.   Compose a 300 word essay/statement to submit in order to be considered for this seed funding. 2. You have just read a news story that has deeply moved you.   Compose a 300 word response in the form of a letter to the editor.   The news story you are responding to can be real or fictional and does not need to be limited to the present time â€" it can be framed in the past, present, or future. Section Three (200 Word Maximum) Please share any additional information about yourself that you believe would be of interest to the Admissions Committee. Please focus on information that is not already reflected in the other parts of your application or might not be clear in the information submitted.

Gender Equality And Gender Discrimination - 1429 Words

Gender equality has been actively sought out for, chiefly by women, throughout history with a goal to establish equal rights and opportunities among all genders. While extensive progress has been achieved towards women’s rights throughout the twentieth century, women continue to experience gender discrimination on a daily basis. Even with the Equal Rights Amendment in the Constitution which refrains from inequality of rights concerning sex, gender inequality continues to persist Gender discrimination occurs to this day due to its origination from societal implications that males are superior to females in multiple aspects (Bergman). Men genetically acquire a stronger physique than women which implanted the notion that women are subordinate to men. Female inferiority is rooted within society that it is still perceived as inherent or inexorable rather than its reality, as a politically constructed system built and sustained by patriarchal interests and ideologies (Bergman). Wom en are restricted from experiencing life equal to men due to the belief for both genders to acquire particular desirable attributes and traits imposed by cultural expectations. Although gender equality has progressed substantially through development in women’s privileges, political activism in support of equality for women should be held to top priority due to social and artistic movements held to rally against gender-biased situations. While improvement towards the status of women inShow MoreRelatedGender Equality And Gender Discrimination Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pages Gender equality? Is it really a time in modern day age when women are considered to be equal to men or do women still have a long way to go? Throughout history men have been the dominant gender and women have been thought to be less than the man. Men have held positions of power and authority while women have hidden in the shadows of men. 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Reaction Paper On Frankenstein - 1099 Words

Jack Schriber Mrs. Wilson E.L.A. 09 October 2017 Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is a story that follows Victor Frankenstein and his life stories. Its start as he is a little child enjoying life and reading a lot, but his joy does not last he I plagued by misery when his sister Elizabeth gets sick and she grows very ill and comes close to death but is miraculously saved by his mother only to watch her die by the same disease his sister had. After this event, he moves on and heads off for college. During his first years of college, he learns a lost. He almost mastered his studies and start experimenting with creating life. He starts working on this project in about one and a half years he has created a monster he runs electricity†¦show more content†¦As he comes back to shore he finds his buddy dead by the hands of the monster. He continues to is home then gets married, but while on their honeymoon the monster comes and murders his wife. Frankenstein is now insane and will go to anything to kill the monster so he follows him t o his death and leaves the monster to die in the frozen tundra. In this story Frankenstein s character develops throughout the story Three main character traits Frankenstein has are dedicated, depressed, and cautious. Frankenstein is dedicated when coming to his projects. He committed years to his work when creating his first monster. He was working so hard that he forgot that he needed rest and food sometimes. It may seem negative but if you gave Frankenstein a task he would complete it like when he was a kid he devoted himself to reading about the works of earlier scientist â€Å"But here were books, and here were men who had penetrated deeper and knew more. I took their word for all that they averred and I became their discipline†(21). Here Frankenstein gives all his devotion to these books and he reads them a lot showing he is dedicated when it comes to something he wants to do. But one of his biggest times of dedication when he was creating his monster â€Å"The summer months passed while I was thus engaged, heart and soul, in one pursuit †¦ [Frankenstein] You must pardon me if I regard any interruptions in your correspondence as a proof that your other duties are equallyShow Mor eRelatedA Rose For Emily, by William Faulkner Essay examples1628 Words   |  7 PagesBoth of the stories that will be compared in this paper, William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, are very demented novels that contain central premises very estranged to most readers. 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Air Act Free Essays

AIR ACT 1981 With the increasing industrialization and the tendency of the majority of industries to congregate in area which are already heavily industrialized, the problem of air pollution has begun to be felt in the country. The problem is more acute in those heavily industrialised areas which are also densely populated. Short-term studies conducted by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, have confirmed that the cities of Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now re facing the impact of air pollution on a steadily increasing level. 2. The presence in air, beyond certain limits, of various pollutants discharged through industrial emission and from certain human activities connected with traffic, heating, use of domestic fuel, refuse, incinerations, etc, has a detrimental effect on the health of the people as also on animal life, vegetation and property. 3. In the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in June, 1972 in which India participated, decisions were taken to take appropriate steps for the preservation of the natural resources of the earth which, among other things, include the preservation of the quality of air and control of air pollution. The government has decided to implement these decisions of the said Conference in so far as they relate to the preservation of the quality of air and control of air pollution. 4. It is felt that there should be an integrated approach for tackling the environmental problems relating to pollution. It is, therefore, proposed that the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, will also perform the functions of the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution and of a State Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in the Union Territories. It is also proposed that the State Boards constituted under that Act, separate State Boards for the Preservation and Control of Air Pollution are proposed to be constituted. The Air Act is implemented by the Central and State Governments and the Central and State Boards. How to cite Air Act, Papers Air Act Free Essays AIR ACT 1981 With the increasing industrialization and the tendency of the majority of industries to congregate in area which are already heavily industrialized, the problem of air pollution has begun to be felt in the country. The problem is more acute in those heavily industrialised areas which are also densely populated. Short-term studies conducted by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, have confirmed that the cities of Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now re facing the impact of air pollution on a steadily increasing level. 2. The presence in air, beyond certain limits, of various pollutants discharged through industrial emission and from certain human activities connected with traffic, heating, use of domestic fuel, refuse, incinerations, etc, has a detrimental effect on the health of the people as also on animal life, vegetation and property. 3. In the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in June, 1972 in which India participated, decisions were taken to take appropriate steps for the preservation of the natural resources of the earth which, among other things, include the preservation of the quality of air and control of air pollution. The government has decided to implement these decisions of the said Conference in so far as they relate to the preservation of the quality of air and control of air pollution. 4. It is felt that there should be an integrated approach for tackling the environmental problems relating to pollution. It is, therefore, proposed that the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, will also perform the functions of the Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution and of a State Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in the Union Territories. It is also proposed that the State Boards constituted under that Act, separate State Boards for the Preservation and Control of Air Pollution are proposed to be constituted. The Air Act is implemented by the Central and State Governments and the Central and State Boards. How to cite Air Act, Essay examples

Research Paper on Sleep Essay Example

Research Paper on Sleep Paper Why do we sleep? There is actually no satisfying answer. Although there are theories about why we sleep, there isn’t enough information to prove them. We know about two different kinds of sleep, rapid eye movement, and non-rapid eye movement sleep. Every living life form sleeps, even cells go into a dormant state. Although different animals need to sleep different amounts. Horses sleep about 3 hours a day, while bats sleep 20. An average person requires about 8 hours of sleep (Why). Scientists believe many different things about why we sleep. That it helps restore what was lost in the body when awake, or that sleep is to conserve energy. There is a theory that sleep is to protect us from predators, and some theories are even mixed. Although, first, the different kinds of sleep must be understood. Way back in 1929, when Betty White was 7, a man named Hans Berger was busy inventing something huge for neuroscience. He invented something called the electroencephalogram, but since that’s such a mouthful, it’s also known as an EEG. Electrodes are attached to the scalp, they measure electrical impulses in the brain. The invention of this device was huge for neuroscience, just ask Betty. In sleep science it helped scientists define the two different types of sleep, and their EEG rythms. REM stands for rapid-eye-movement. Neural functions deep in the brain trigger REM. One type of neurotransmitter to trigger REM, another to shut it off. REM is an important part of sleep, because it is usually when people dream. Although REM sleep proves to be sporadic. Changes in blood pressure occur, and there are no regulations in body temperature, breathing and We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Sleep specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Sleep specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Sleep specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer heart rate also become irregular. REM is also seen in human fetuses at around 6 months, it takes up about 90%.Although in young adults REM only takes up about 30% overall sleep (Sleep). REM sleep consists of low amplitude, high frequency EEG rhythms (Why). Non-REM sleep is, you guessed it, N

Social Paradigms Essays - Criminology, Aesthetics, Consensus Reality

Social Paradigms Essays - Criminology, Aesthetics, Consensus Reality Social Paradigms Grade Received on Report : 89% In the following paper I will relate the concept of school to the three sociological paradigms of structural- function, social conflict, and symbolic interactions. The first paradigm that I will relate to school is the structural-function paradigm. The main manifest function of school is for the advancement of knowledge, leading to better jobs and money. School also has many latent effects including: social relationships, team competition in both sports and academic events, and personal academic advancement. All of which will be used in our adult life. Analysis of social conflict should start by pointing out that people coming from a family of a high wealth level will in most cases have a higher education at adulthood. One example of this is our own Chicago Public school system. Well to do families that live in the Chicago Public School System will, with out thought, send there children to a well-funded, safe school as opposed to the gang infested inner-city schools where students are asked to learn instead of expected. One of the many reasons for a demise of the Chicago public school system would be in the great difference of income from the public housing to wealthy north side apartments so easily visible from public housing. Lets now look at symbolic interaction in schools. With all schools even though all students attend the same curriculum under the same roof you will not find two student that are alike. You can find freshmen that on there first day of high school know exactly what they want to do and which university they will be attending, to the senior that has no clue on what he wants to do. Although these points only scratch the surface the sociological paradigms and schools, the most visible problem with education in our country is the great difference from inner-city schools from private schools. While some middle-class and upper-class families have the choice for there children?s education most inner-city families don?t have the luxury of sending there child to a prestigious private school for $7000 a year.

Hoffmann Surname Meaning and Family History

Hoffmann Surname Meaning and Family History The Hoffmann surname originated as a nickname for a farmer who owned his land rather than rented, from the Middle High German Hofman, meaning person working on a farm. The name eventually came to denote a steward (manager) of a manor farm; as such, it was widespread throughout central and eastern Europe, in both German and non-German-speaking countries. Hoffmann is the 10th most common German surname. Surname Origin: German, Jewish Alternate Surname Spellings:  HOFMAN, HOFMANN, HOFFMAN, HOFMANS, HUFFMAN, HUFFMANN, GOFMAN, HAUFFMAN, HOUGHMAN, HUFMAN Famous People with the HOFFMANN  Surname Dustin Hoffman  - Oscar-winning actorAbbie Hoffman  - American political activist; founder of  the Youth International PartyPhilip Seymour Hoffman  - American actor and directorGaby Hoffmann - American film and television actressErnst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann  (E. T. A. Hoffmann) - German Romantic author of fantasy and horrorAlbert Hofmann - Swiss scientist; best known for his discovery of LSDRoald Hoffmann - American theoretical Nobel Prize-winning  chemistFelix Hoffmann - German chemist best-known for inventing aspirin Where is the HOFFMANN Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from Forebears, the Hoffmann surname is most prevalent in Germany, where it ranks as the 7th most common surname in the nation, but is used by a greater percentage of the population in Luxembourg, where it is the 3rd most common surname. It is also fairly common in Austria (74th), Denmark (116th) and Switzerland (150th). The Hoffman spelling, on the other hand, is most prevalent in the United States, although this spelling is not always derived from the German Hoffmann. According to WorldNames PublicProfiler, Hoffmann is found most frequently in southwest Germany, especially the states of Saarland and Rheinland-Pfalz, followed by the northeast German states of Brandenburg and Sachsen-Anhalt. The Hofmann spelling of this surname is also found primarily in Germany, but  in the states of Sachsen, Hessen, Bayern and Thuringen, followed by Zurich, Switzerland. Genealogy Resources for the Surname HOFFMANN Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Hoffmann  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Hoffmann  family crest or coat of arms for the Hoffmann surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. DistantCousin.com - HOFFMANN  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Hoffmann. The Hoffmann  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Hoffmann  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997 https://www.thoughtco.com/surname-meanings-and-origins-s2-1422408

Business Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Intelligence - Essay Example to make maximum utilization of the information in hand to produce at the utmost capacity. Furthermore, with continuous advancements in the business environment, managers are facing increased stress to develop their credibility (Khan & Quadri, 2012). With this regard, the essay intends to develop the specifications that are associated with the needs of developing business intelligence. In correspondence to the above stated facts, the essay also focuses on developing an in depth understanding towards the challenges that may crop up in the course of implementation and helps in maintaining dashboards. The essay intends to develop a better understanding towards maintaining dashboards and includes the management of diverse challenges that could surface during the management of different needs. Managing business intelligence has been of complex and dynamic nature that imposes a challenge for enhancing the scenarios that are prevalent within the social domain. In this respect, the overall management of the business has been imposing enormous level of complexity that could initiate diverse needs of the system and enhance effectiveness of the managers to meet with the needs of the business. Dashboards help in developing a better insight towards the issues and enhance the ability to meet with the complexes that are associated with the business operations. Dashboards enable a business to monitor the needs of managing business intelligence and increase the effectiveness through successful development of the business operations (Bara & et. al., 2009). With the increasing amount of complexities, there has been a huge shift within the management of the diverse business strategies. This could be identifiable that management of information system has been a complicated job for the pe ople who are managing the diverse approaches within the system for enhancing the effectiveness of the business (Khan & Quadri, 2012). The

Terrorism Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terrorism Paper - Essay Example This covers the terrorist groups and activities originating from within the European continent, and also the involvement of terrorist organizations and activities from outside Europe. The paper also will also discuss how terrorism operates in both method and rationale, such as going over examples of their various modus operandi and goals. There will also be discussion of the foreign support and involvement of other countries to these groups, whether within or outside Europe, and their alleged agendas or reasons for doing so. At the tail end of this paper, there will be theoretical recommendations or applications in dealing with the issue of terrorism in Europe. As such, possible practical scenarios could be given as examples based from the analysis of the research made for this paper. Insight can also be given as a personal output in reference to the information studied for this research. Before discussing the various terrorist acts in 20th century Europe, it should first be understood what terrorism is and how one is defined as a terrorist. Usually, an individual is considered a terrorist if he or she has political goals or beliefs that are strong motivations to commit acts of violence against their enemies, regardless if done on non-combatants. It can be said then that terrorism is an act of violence made against non-combatants or civilians for the purpose of waging a psychological warfare of fear. This can be in the form of indiscriminate bombings, assassinations, and sabotage in highly populated civilian areas. These actions are done for a politically or culturally motivated goal and made aware through violent and fearful acts. Modern European history has many incidents and episodes of violent terrorist acts. Perhaps one of the most well known would be the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by a Serbian nationalist radical by the name of Gavrilo Princip. The attack was motivated by an individual

The Advantures Of Huck. Fin :: essays research papers

Books are known for teaching lessons. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain satirically presents the situation of how people of different color were treated unjustly, while at the same time amusing his readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Isn’t it ironic that the character that grows on you most is Jim, the black runaway slave, who society looks down upon most during the time period of this book? Jim is treated poorly as a slave and as a person. For one, he is separated from his parents and children amongst different slave owners. On top of this, he is about to be sold for $800 to another owner even more far away from his family, which leads to his escape. Despite these situations, he remains a loyal, loving, father-like figure, and most importantly, he remains a great friend to Huckleberry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society, even today, often puts children down by saying that they do not contain values. Well, Huck closes the door to this statement. Whenever Huck is challenged to make a decision on impact concerning the safety of Jim, such as the incident when the men are looking for blacks, his heart always seems to pilot him to the direction of Jim’s benefit, even though almost all of the rest of society would object to his decisions during this period of time. You can also see Huck’s distress and sorrow for the fact that Jim has to buy his family back in order to see them again. This absolutely breaks Huck’s heart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Back in the 1800s, blacks were considered property, and whites were always the superior race. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain purposely makes Jim the best character in the book, in that he is the most compassionate, caring, and most appreciated by Huck, the main character in the book. At the same time he makes Pap, the white dead-beat father of Huck, the most detested, disrespected, low down character of this book. Twain causes his readers to contemplate of how foolish it is that a person can be judged on his outside appearance, rather than who the individual is on the inside. The Advantures Of Huck. Fin :: essays research papers Books are known for teaching lessons. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain satirically presents the situation of how people of different color were treated unjustly, while at the same time amusing his readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Isn’t it ironic that the character that grows on you most is Jim, the black runaway slave, who society looks down upon most during the time period of this book? Jim is treated poorly as a slave and as a person. For one, he is separated from his parents and children amongst different slave owners. On top of this, he is about to be sold for $800 to another owner even more far away from his family, which leads to his escape. Despite these situations, he remains a loyal, loving, father-like figure, and most importantly, he remains a great friend to Huckleberry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Society, even today, often puts children down by saying that they do not contain values. Well, Huck closes the door to this statement. Whenever Huck is challenged to make a decision on impact concerning the safety of Jim, such as the incident when the men are looking for blacks, his heart always seems to pilot him to the direction of Jim’s benefit, even though almost all of the rest of society would object to his decisions during this period of time. You can also see Huck’s distress and sorrow for the fact that Jim has to buy his family back in order to see them again. This absolutely breaks Huck’s heart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Back in the 1800s, blacks were considered property, and whites were always the superior race. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain purposely makes Jim the best character in the book, in that he is the most compassionate, caring, and most appreciated by Huck, the main character in the book. At the same time he makes Pap, the white dead-beat father of Huck, the most detested, disrespected, low down character of this book. Twain causes his readers to contemplate of how foolish it is that a person can be judged on his outside appearance, rather than who the individual is on the inside.

Research Gaming as an Occupation Essay

This research paper attempts to focus on the topic â€Å"gaming as an occupation†. Specifically the paper focuses on the Formula 1, race car driving. Formula 1 is a sport that has millions of fans in all the corners of the globe and in my view a research paper on race car driving as an occupation would be interesting as well as enlightening. The objective of the research paper is to provide information on Formula 1 as an occupation. The paper focuses on the history of Formula one. How it started, when it started etc are the main objectives addressed in the history part. The paper will describe the salaries of different drivers as Formula 1 is one of the highest paid sports in the world. It will highlight the salaries earned by drivers in the business. It will focus upon the requirements of the sport, from age to physical fitness, from legal requirements to company requirements. Furthermore the paper will discuss the different stages a driver has to pass through, before he is qualified to become a Formula 1 driver. These stages include early training to a professional driver and the rigorous mental and physical training. Experiences of different drivers also narrate a different story about the world of Formula 1 racing and that is why such experiences will be used in the paper to provide insights. The paper also discusses the sport as a business. With time F1 has grown in to an industry earning huge sums of money in just one season for everyone, be it the constructors, the media or the sponsors. The paper then ends with a conclusion summarizing what formula one offers and requires as an occupation. INTRODUCTION AND THESIS: Formula 1 racing which is also known as F1 to many is the top class motor car racing certified by the Federation of International Automobiles. The word formula refers to specific rules that every team has to comply with. It dates back to European motor racing of 1920’s and 1930’s. The first formula one race was held in England at Silverstone in 1950 after the world war and a championship for constructors (those who provide the cars) first took in 1958. Today formula one has become a legend in the world of motorsports. The season consists of a series of races held at different places in the world and the championship is known as Grand Prix. It is held on proper circuits or city roads such as Monaco or Singapore. At the end of the season, two championships are awarded; one for the best driver and one for the constructor. Europe is like the headquarters of formula one. Most of the races take place in Europe and all the teams are Europe based as well. However in the recent years the scope of the sport has expanded and nowadays drivers from all around the world try to qualify as a formula one racer. To get the license of a formula one racer, a driver has to pass many tests and rigorous physical and mental training. The speed of a formula one car is approximately 360 km/hr which explains why stamina and strength and mental concentration are very important for these drivers. This is also one reason formula one racers are amongst the highest paid employees in the world and have a very large fan following. Based on the introduction my thesis statement would be: â€Å"As an occupation, formula one has to offer high wages, fan following, glamour and in return requires a great lot of physical and mental endurance in compliance with the requirements of the federation of International Racing. † HISTORY: Formula one is one of the biggest racing and television events of the world. As a sport it is as famous as football or cricket. The history goes down to 1950’s from where it all started. Europe was the base for motorsport racing and the era of 1920 and 30’s gave rise to motor racing as a professional sport. Thus motor racing got divided into many divisions based on engine specifications, constructors, car types etc. one of these was formula one. ‘The first formula one race was held at Silverstone, England in 1950 and a constructor’s champion ship was followed by in 1958. ’ (Bruce Jones, 15) The Formula in the name is a set of rules which all participants must comply to. This was a new formula which was introduced after World War II in motor racing. With the passage of time, the Formula saw many changes. Now it has totally modified into anew form because of the advanced auto mobile technology, the high speed engines and different track scenarios. HOW TO BECOME A FORMULA ONE DRIVER: To become a formula one racer, the drivers start from basic carting. As seen those who start at early ages, have been the most successful drivers in the history of formula one. The current champion Hamilton started carting at the age of 9. Carting is a basic cart with steering capabilities, acceleration and braking. This helps improve the driver’s skills in the art of steering, speed and brakes in closed circuits. After the driver is considered to be a qualified carter, he tries his luck in domestic championships or traditional European championships such as Formula 3 or Formula Ford. These races are the same as formula 1, but have lower car specifications and the circuits are closed and round usually. The top racers in these championships move to GP2. The Gp2 series started in 2005 though but the top three champions of GP2 since 2005 have been moving to formula one. Before GP2, formula two and formula 3000 were the criteria for qualifying as a formula one driver. Though mostly British F3 series is one of the best place where constructors look for formula one drivers. Also to be noted is that there are drivers who have made straight to formula one such as Michael Schumacher who came from simple Motor Racing. Thus qualifications are not a compulsion but obviously they do have an impact on the selection. THE PAYSCALE: As all other sports around the world, formula one is also a contract based sports. The drivers are hired on contract for a single season or for as many seasons as the constructors and the driver agree to. The earning there fore are on an annual basis. Last year’s champion Hamilton earned a one million pounds and is now on a five year contract with the constructor McLaren-Mercedese which is estimated to be worth approximately 70 million pounds and bonuses and endorsements are not included in this. Michael Schumacher according to the website Askmen. com earned a U. S. $67 million only from endorsements. From the tracks, his contracted pay was around U. S. $32 million only which is almost half of what he got from endorsements only. One cannot make an estimate on the industry average as the rates vary depending on the constructor that has hired the driver. Also usually the salaries are not announced that openly so whatever data is available is through what people or media find out form sources. Though based on estimation all the drivers on contract earn above a $5 million approximately as per the driving earnings listed on the website; ‘The F1 FAQ, 2008’. (Marcel, 01) REQUIREMENTS FOR BECOMING A FORMULA 1 DRIVER: Age: As far as age is concerned, a formula one driver can even be fifteen years old. As obvious, the requirement of the sport is not age, it is skills in driving and how you show them on the track. According to an article by the BMW Sauber Team, the famous driver Nick Hiedfeld says that these days anyone can enter the formula one BMW team at the age of fifteen. As these young amateurs enter the Karting stage early, it is obvious that they will hit the Formula one track early as well. (BMW, 01). The retirement age is not very explicitly specified but generally drivers retire around 30 because they themselves realize that now onwards racing would not be tough, it would be hard. Physical Fitness: Physical fitness is something that a team never compromises when selecting a formula one driver. As the car moves on a speed of 360 km/hr, there is great force acting on the body of the driver. This force is termed as the â€Å"G force. † This G force exerts a lot of pressure on the body of the driver and requires endurance. Similarly the lighter the weight of the driver, the faster the speed of the car as in formula one everything matters, from the fuel weight to driver’s weight. The suit is also of leather to provide maximum protection and on a sunny day conditions sometimes become miserable for the drivers. Thus becoming a formula one driver requires extraordinary physical strength. Mental Concentration: Mental attentiveness comes along with physical vigor in order to become a formula one driver. A short lack of concentration and focus can cost the constructors their car and the driver his career. Accidents on such a high speed are fatal. Apart from accidents there are split seconds decisions required such as when to speed up and when to hit the brakes at the right time or to overtake at the moment or not etc. All these choices require focus and sharpness. FORUMS: There are different forums for the fans to discus latest news regarding the world of formula one. Most popularly used forums include the forum on the homepage of Formula one and the forum on the webpage of Planet F-1. These forums also provide the fans to discuss driver ratings and performances and their views about the championships or a particular ace etc. These forums are reviewed by teams at times and important decisions related to fans are sometime taken with the help of discussions on the forums. FORMULA 1 AS A BUSINESS: The formula one racing has evolved into a business, an industry. The tickets are allotted on basis of stands owned by the constructors. The tickets sold earn a great amount of sum for the constructors. Ferrari stands for example are estimated to earn around U. S. $300 million approximately for the entire season (Financial Times, n/a). Though this is the one of the highest earned sums in the industry it still shows how much money is generated in this business. The constructors then also earn from media partners and sponsors. CONCLUSION: To conclude, one can confidently say that formula one is no doubt one of the sports that people would definitely prefer as an occupation. The sport has everything to offer which one requires from his or her occupation. Money, fame, world tours and a star studded life are the benefits of becoming a professional formula one driver. The sport though requires a great deal of physical and mental effort but then again fame and fortune do not come easy. It has already surpasses the stage of racing, it has become a business and an industry worth billions of dollars. Works Cited Bruce and Damon Hill. The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Formula One: The Definitive Illustrated Guide to Grand Prix Motor Racing 2007. MBI publishing company. 2007. Marcel Schot. The F1 FAQ, Atlas F1. 2000 http://atlasf1. autosport. com/2000/ita/faq. html ‘F1 Network’. BMW F1 Sauber Team. Dec. 4, 2006. http://www. f1network. net/main/s491/st108520. htm ‘The business of sports: Formula 1. ’ Financial Times. Sept. 25, 2008. http://www. ft. com/cms/s/0/57eb0d84-8922-11dd-a179-0000779fd18c,dwp_uuid=1d7d1f1a-2041-11dd-80b4-000077b07658,s01=1. html

The Crusades and the Spread of Christianity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1242 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Crusades Essay Did you like this example? The Crusades, starting in the Eleventh Century, were attempts by the Western Church to strip Europe of the newly developed and invading Muslims. Many Crusades had taken place over the centuries, including both a childrens and peasants crusade, in making an effort to keep the new religious threat at a distance. Many popes, kings, and rulers consumed a great deal of money, time, and effort into these wars, but many ended up failing in their true purposes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Crusades and the Spread of Christianity" essay for you Create order However, much can be said about the success of these crusades considering these losses. With these successes that took place, is the spread of Christianity included? Although the various Crusades had many successes and failures, the original Crusades was unsuccessful in spreading the message of Jesus and promote Christianity through the events of war. Before looking into the reasons as to why the spread of Christianity did not arise, one must look into the true nature of the Crusades along with what were the original goals that they were trying to accomplish. In 1095, Pope Urban II called together a council at Clermont (Madden 4). These meetings, mostly between French bishops and the pope, lasted nine days before the Pope gave a speech to the public. In this speech, the Pope designated upon the people of the church to defend the Eastern Church from the invading Muslims, liberate Jerusalem from them, and, ultimately stop the Muslim from moving any further. At the end of Popes speech, the people of the Church unanimously agreed, and soon the Pope was laying out the message to people across France and Germany. Many nobles, along with the populace, united on the cause. One practical reason as to this widespread acceptance of traveling across the empire was for the honor of knighthood. Some of the nobility understood that is was their duty to protect their people, especially from their own religion. The Muslims were attacking Gods church, and for a knight, their duty is to protect the Church and their people. Another reason that the call to arms was answered was to protect Christianity as a whole. The Muslims took over many of the Churchs lands and they were not slowing down their invasion. In fact, it could be noted that Christians even feared that the Muslims would soon conquer all of Europe unless they were stopped (Galli 3). Pope Urbans speech has been lost in history, but it appeared that he told his followers that the Eastern Church was falling, pilgrimages were ceased, and churches were being destroyed. As previously mentioned, the Eastern Church was collapsing and falling to the Muslims. In fact, most of the major Eastern cities fell, including the city of Antioch. The East and the West were still considered one church at the time so the church believed that it should help in the recovering of the cities. During at this moment in Church history, part of the religious actions of the followers of the Church was to take part in visiting shrines and preserving relics. Some of the shrines included houses of certain saints, artifacts from the apostles, but most importantly, the city of Jerusalem (Shelly 2). Since Jerusalem was the place of Jesus Christs death and resurrection, many people would take pilgrimages to the holy city. In fact, pilgrimages to the city of Jerusalem became a form of penance. Unfortunately, Muslims eventually took control of the city, but they still allowed the pilgrimages to continue. However, in the Eleventh century, Christians do not have the ability to travel to the city anymore. So in order to have one of the most important shrines of the faith recovered, it would have to be taken by force. In order for the Pope to acquire more people to rescue Jerusalem, he offered a gratification to all who volunteer to fight for Jerusalem, whether they live or die. In other words, all sins, including sins in the past, would be forgiven by the Pope if people joined to recover the holy land of Jerusalem. This promise by the Pope is most likely what caused so many men and women to join in the fight for the Holy Land. In reality, the main reason for the Church getting the Crusades under way was to stop the eager Muslims from advancing further West. The Muslims had taken over many parts of the Eastern part of Churchs territory, as well as into Spain and Africa with no sign of stopping. It was this Muslim push for dominance that struck fear in the hearts of the Western Church (Tyerman 2). Action was taken which led to the Crusades. This first Crusade was highly successful the Eastern Cities were recovered, Jerusalem was liberated, and the Muslims were stopped from moving further West. Everything that the Pope planned on doing was successful; however, overall, the Crusades was not successful in achieving their goals. After the initial Crusade, many more Crusades followed. Some of these Crusades were designed to recover Jerusalem after it fell, but many others had different and confusing goals. Not for long, the Church applied the idea of the Crusades to any religious deed to stop both other Christians or pagans. After many years of holding Jerusalem, the Muslim recaptured the city. Many of the other Crusades never even reached Jerusalem nor recaptured back the city. The Muslims were held at a distance by the Crusades, but they were never stopped. As a matter of fact, the Crusades actually hurt the relationship between Christians, Jews, and Muslims. All in all, the Crusades failed in its overall goal. In the conquest of the Crusades, the spreading of Christianity was never the main goal. Simply restoring back what was theirs in the past and holding off the Muslims were the primary goals of the Crusades. However, that does not mean that Christianity did not grow during this time. Christianity did grow, but Christianity also suffered. During the Fourth Crusade, Crusaders attacked and stormed Constantinople in order to raise funds for their conquest (Encyclopedia Britannica 3). The Pope did not authorized the attack, but accepted the reward and believed that the Church was finally reunited. However, this sequence of events caused bitterness in the East and ultimately promoted a true united Church to be put out of question. Although the Church became divided during this time, the spread of Christianity did, in fact, occurred. Two groups, the Franciscan and Dominican friars, brought it upon themselves to spread the message of Jesus to both the Muslim lands and beyond (Wani 5). They were the primary people from each group of abbot, and because of their success, the Pope delivered missionary help to aid in their work. These efforts along with the natives of the land helped the growth of Christianity into Muslim territory. Unfortunately, the Crusades themselves did not spread the message of Jesus Christ and Christianity. The Crusades took place primary to reestablish what had already been the Churchs dominions and to prevent the Muslims from entering deeper into Europe. Many Crusades attempted to regain Jerusalem and other Christian lands, but most failed. However, the Crusades were able to keep the Muslims out of Europe for a decent amount of time. During this time, though, Christian missionary efforts to the people whom the Church was trying to press were taking place but not with much success. Overall, it can be concluded that the Crusades did not promote the cause of Jesus Christ despite the successes they had on the initial Crusade.